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Roots of origin of great culture of China go back to ancient times. A parameter of the general rise of culture of Ancient China is the development of scientific knowledge, writings, arts and literatures. History of Chinese writing is unique. The most ancient Chinese texts, the conjectural inscriptions scratched on mutton shovel or the tortoise armour, belong to III - II thousand B.C.: such armour or shovel were located in fire, and the answer to an asked question "was found" under the form and an arrangement of the formed cracks. There are inscriptions on ritual bronze vessels, and from the beginning I thousand B.C.. The bamboo rods, fastened cords began to be used to produce paper, the text was written along a rod on a vertical. On one such rod there were about 40 hieroglyphs so even the small book under the maintenance had significant volume. Chineses started to apply silk as a raw-material for paper, but it was very dear. In I century B.C. Chinese invented a paper that promoted a wide circulation of writing. Already on bamboo rods (and later - on silk and a paper) wrote by means of brush and ink made of coal or soot from burning of pine fire wood. Distribution of writing and increase of its public role demanded unification of a tracing of hieroglyphs. The first known experience of codification Chinese schedules are a list of hieroglyphs of Shi Chjoy Pyan. Then during epoch of Cin and Han occur the reforms of writing led as a result to occurrence of standard style of the letter - "kayshu" (the authorized letter) which was kept down to reform of the Chinese writing in 1956 - 1959. In the hieroglyphic letter a plenty of signs are used. Modern Chinese dictionaries contain the order of 100 000 hieroglyphs. The calligraphy is considered in China a kind of art and is highly appreciated, picturesque cloths are often decorated with calligraphical inscriptions. The Chinese writing in an antiquity has widely extended across all Southeast Asia. The literature of China is not less interesting also. The most ancient bibliography which reached us from the Chinese literature, here belongs Baths Gu (32-92 years of our era) . In the work " the description of arts " (being part of " History of dynasty Han "), it allocates the basic available kinds of the literature: initial philosophical books (including historical), verses and poems, compositions on a military science, books on astrologies, medical books. So, China is a very mysterious and interesting country, many people simply dream to get and have a look at it with their own eyes, but for this purpose it is necessary for them to apply for Chinese visa that requires certain time. From prosaic compositions (except for philosophical treatises) it is necessary to note especially historical works. They are interesting not only in itself, but also because the genre of biographies which was presented already at " the father of the Chinese historiography ", affected creation of the narrative prose arising, in I - II centuries A.D..These stories practically were not kept. Chinese medieval literature is extremely rich in the maintenance. The high estimation of the literature in the most Chinese culture affects already that in graduation examinations on a post of the official the knowledge of the classical literature was required first of all. Chinese fiction arises in - VI centuries In the form of so-called " stories about a wonderful genre which was leader during epoch of Cyn in China. There is a story, for an epoch of Yuan is characteristic blossoming dramatic art, during an epoch of Mines the narrative prose in the form of an epopee and the novel reaches blossoming. Speaking about culture of China it is impossible to bypass music. Chinese music -is one of the most ancient in the world. It totals many local variants. Ancient Chinese philosophers, seminary students, mathematicians were engaged in Studying of the Chinese music. Konfuciy allocated in the doctrine of a big place to music and was engaged in collecting of national songs. In VIII century in China the first school of music and dance - " the Conservatory of a pear garden " was created. In XIV century there were northern and southern schools of music, and for northern school were the heroic subjects, and for southern - lyrical is more characteristic. In XVII century there eppeared an opera. Clearness and orderliness of a lay-out characterize the main centers of the state Loyang Hanskogo and CHanan, built on the rules established in treatises. The city reflected representations about correct structure of a universe and the order, dominating in Celestial, was considered as the fortress completed in the outlines enclosed by walls with a high massive gate. After Buddhism construction of Buddhist temples penetrated into China, it began to appear first of all rocky temples and pagodas. The fine arts of China were represented with the heavy bronze vessels served for sacrificial Gifts to spirits. About what important sense was given to manufacturing of bronze products, masterly skill of their moulding testifies. Huge vessels in weight over 600 kg were processed with the same carefulness, as well as small. The geometrical pattern differed graphic accuracy, a variety of rhythmic combinations. Alongside with bronze vessels there was also a set of subjects: the round bronze mirrors inlaid from a back by silver and gold, the musical instruments decorated by a list and furniture, bright painted varnish utensils, subjects from a carved tree and a stone. In flexible weavings their patterns multismoother judgement of the universe perceived as elements of infinite space movement and an antagonism of light and darkness was reflected. In X century at an imperial palace the Academy of painting where artists have borrowed places of honour has been created. Parameter of the general rise of culture of Ancient China was development of scientific knowledge, first of all mathematicians. Significant achievements of ancient Chineses have been connected with development of mathematics by close image in the field of astronomy and a calendar. Rather significant development was received in Ancient China with medicine. The Chinese doctors in IV - III centuries B.C. began to apply the method of the treatment which received in a consequence wide application in traditional Chinese medicine - acupuncture. Manuscripts of the medical compositions found recently in one of burials of the beginning in up to our era are extremely interesting. They include the treatise on dietologies, a management on medical gymnastics, the grant on treatment by a method of cauterizations and, at last, the collection of various recipes. Last contains 280 instructions intended for treatment of 52 illnesses (including spasmes, fevers, hernias, helminthic diseases, female and children's illnesses ect.). For the period from origin of a civilization and approximately till XII century in China it was made more inventions, than in any other country, and perhaps even more, than in all world. To the major envention of the Middle Ages cbelongs (X - XIII centuries) inventions of gunpowder and a compass. |
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